Final answer:
The Crusades chiefly contributed to an increase in cultural exchanges and trade between Europe and the Middle East, despite the tensions. Feudalism arose in Europe after the collapse of the Roman Empire due to the resulting political instability. The decline of the popes' power influenced the decrease in crusading during the later Middle Ages.
Step-by-step explanation:
The long-term effect likely resulting from the Crusades is not the collapse of the Byzantine Empire, Ottoman Empire, or the closure of the Silk Road trade routes, nor the fragmentation of Europe into feudal states. The Crusades had various consequences, but the most notable long-term effect was the increase in cultural exchanges and the revitalization of trade between Europe and the Middle East. After the initial period of conflict, the contact established during the Crusades led to improved knowledge of and demand for foreign goods, which spurred trade. Despite the tensions and battles, these interactions laid the groundwork for later periods of exploration and trade expansion.
Feudalism in Europe developed after the collapse of the Roman Empire, not the Byzantine Empire. The breakdown of the Roman central authority led to political instability and a more rural and decentralized Europe. This structure in the Middle Ages provided the basis for the rise of feudalism, where local lords controlled the land and offered protection in exchange for service. The decline of crusading in the later Middle Ages can be attributed to factors such as the decline of the power and influence of the popes, among others. The relationship between Muslims and Christians did improve somewhat, but this was not the primary cause of the decline in crusading.