Final answer:
The sphere that encompasses all solid and liquid rock on Earth's surface and within is the Geosphere, which includes geological components like the crust, mantle, and core. It is distinct from the Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, and Biosphere and heavily influenced by plate tectonics.
Step-by-step explanation:
The sphere that includes all of the solid and liquid rock that covers Earth's surface and is found within Earth is the Geosphere. This term encompasses all geological aspects of our planet, which includes the various layers like the crust, mantle, and core.
The Geosphere differs from other spheres such as the Atmosphere, which is the layer of gases surrounding our planet; the Hydrosphere, which includes all water on Earth; and the Biosphere, which contains all living organisms along with the parts of other spheres they interact with. The Earth's crust and upper mantle contains types of rocks such as igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Additionally, the concept of plate tectonics is an essential part of understanding the movement and interaction of the solid Earth, impacting everything from mountain building to earthquakes and volcanic activity. Therefore, the correct answer is B) Geosphere.