Final answer:
Studio 88's promotional pamphlets to increase sales is an example of a short-term plan typically set by middle-level managers, whose efforts are focused on immediate business performance improvement.
Step-by-step explanation:
Studio 88’s decision to use promotional pamphlets included with their products and pricing to boost sales figures is an example of a short-term plan. Such promotional tactics are often developed to produce immediate effects in marketing and sales, typically falling within the short-term planning horizon which can range from a few weeks to a year. These plans are generally set by middle-level managers. Middle-level managers are responsible for implementing the strategies set by top management and monitoring operational activities, translating them into tangible actions that can affect day-to-day business performance.
An example of who is more likely to be an expressive leader is the director of a summer camp for chronically ill children, as this role requires high emotional intelligence and the ability to connect with and motivate individuals through empathy and understanding.