Final answer:
The concepts of dependability via redundancy and the hierarchy of memories in system design are integral for creating reliable systems with efficiently organized memory. Redundancy involves having multiple components for reliability, while memory hierarchy organizes data from fastest to slowest storage. These concepts are paralleled in biological systems and apply to human cognition, where strategies like mnemonic devices and elaborative rehearsal improve memory retention.
Step-by-step explanation:
Discussing dependability via redundancy and the hierarchy of memories in system design involves understanding how systems are constructed to be reliable and how memory is organized for efficient access and use. Redundancy is a key concept in achieving dependability, where multiple components perform the same function. If one component fails, others can take over without loss of service. An example of redundancy is in server architecture, where multiple servers mirror each other to ensure continuous availability of services.
The hierarchy of memories refers to the structure of memory systems, arranged from fastest and most expensive (like CPU cache) to slower and cheaper forms (like hard drives). This tiered approach ensures that the most frequently accessed data is quickly available, while less frequently used data is stored on slower, more economical storage. This principle is also seen in the hierarchy of biological systems, where increasing the abundance of parts and wholes corresponds to enhanced memory of the system, as described in the provided biological system equation (1).
In the context of memory errors and human cognition, forgetting may occur due to various factors including encoding failure, where information isn't effectively stored in memory in the first place, and two types of interference: proactive interference, where old information blocks new information, and retroactive interference, where new information blocks retrieval of old information. Effective strategies such as the use of mnemonic devices, elaborative rehearsal, self-reference effect, and adequate sleep are recommended to combat these memory issues and enhance memory retention.