Final answer:
Governments in the Middle East have risen, expanded, and fallen due to factors like succession failure, changing military realities, and external incursions by Crusaders and Mongols.
Step-by-step explanation:
The rise, expansion, and fall of governments in the Middle East have been shaped by various factors throughout history. One key factor is the failure of orderly succession, which led to power struggles and frequent changes in leadership. For example, the Mamluk dynasty in Egypt rose to power through military strength, while changing military realities in North Africa led to the collapse of centralized power. Additionally, external incursions such as the invasions by Crusaders and Mongols further disrupted and weakened these governments.