Final answer:
The industrialization in the late 1800s, initiated by technological and resource-based advancements, transitioned economies and caused societal evolution, including urbanization and changes in living standards, despite significant social and environmental challenges.
Step-by-step explanation:
The cause of industrialization in the late 1800s was multifaceted, including technological advances stemming from the Age of Enlightenment, availability of resources such as coal, and innovations like the steam engine and power loom.
Industrial Age transitioned societies from agrarian economies to industrial economies, primarily through mechanized production. This led to wealth accumulation for business owners and middle-class professionals, but often at the expense of worker's conditions, who faced long hours, low wages, and dangerous working environments.
One of the effects of this industrial development was urbanization, exemplified by the growth of cities like Manchester, which saw its population boom due to the proximity to resources and the rise of industries.
However, industrial cities faced issues such as unsanitary conditions, diseases, corruption, and significant environmental pollution due to the coal-driven industries.
Furthermore, industrialization affected family sizes, with a tendency toward smaller families in urban areas compared to rural ones.
It also led to widespread discrimination against African Americans in the southern United States post-slavery and influenced global migration patterns as people sought better opportunities, including emigrants from Europe and Asia moving to other countries.
Despite these challenges, city life offered advantages such as better access to goods and services, and over time, led to societal changes that increased the average standard of living.