Final answer:
Renal calculi are formed when minerals in urine crystallize and form solid masses in the kidneys. Gout is a type of arthritis caused by the buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints. Incontinence refers to the inability to control the release of urine from the bladder. Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the kidney's filtering structures, leading to impaired kidney function. Cystitis is inflammation of the bladder caused by a bacterial infection.
Step-by-step explanation:
Renal calculi (kidney stones) are formed when minerals in urine crystallize and form solid masses in the kidneys. The primary cause is an imbalance of substances in the urine, such as calcium, oxalate, and uric acid. These substances can form crystals that can grow larger and develop into kidney stones. The process of stone formation can be influenced by factors such as dehydration, dietary habits, and certain medical conditions.
Gout is a type of arthritis that occurs when uric acid builds up in the blood and forms crystals in the joints. The excess uric acid can result from overproduction or underexcretion of uric acid by the kidneys. The crystal deposits cause inflammation and pain in the affected joints, often in the big toe.
Incontinence refers to the inability to control the release of urine from the bladder. It can be caused by various factors, including weakened pelvic floor muscles, nerve damage, medications, and certain medical conditions. Incontinence can manifest as stress incontinence (leakage with physical activity or exertion), urge incontinence (sudden and strong urges to urinate), or overflow incontinence (incomplete bladder emptying leading to leakage).