Final answer:
The geography of Mesopotamia, characterized by rivers and a lack of natural building resources, influenced its historical development in political centralization, economic trade networks, craft specialization, as well as military strategies and necessities.
Step-by-step explanation:
Impact of Geography on History
The geography of a place such as Mesopotamia has deeply influenced its history, particularly in regards to political governance, military developments, and the economy. In Mesopotamia, the presence of rivers allowed for the development of sophisticated irrigation systems which supported early urban centers. The necessity for large-scale irrigation and the lack of local resources such as stone, precious metals, and timber spurred the growth of trade networks and led to centralization of authority for effective management. This centralization not only facilitated the development of urban centers but also led to high levels of craft specialization and artistic production because of the abundance of food and an administrative class.
Furthermore, the region’s geographical location and features played a pivotal role in its security and economic prosperity. For instance, cities like Ur, Babylon, and Nineveh thrived because of their ability to control water resources and grow excess food. This not only established the economic foundation of these cities but also necessitated the creation of military forces to protect and expand their territories. The Fertile Crescent's geography was essential in determining the success and characteristics of civilizations within it.