Final answer:
The ovaries are almond-sized organs visualized sonographically, which during a normal menstrual cycle demonstrate physiological changes like follicle development and corpus luteum formation. Pathologies such as ovarian cysts and ovarian cancer present distinct sonographic appearances and are associated with specific patient histories.
Step-by-step explanation:
The normal sonographic appearance of the ovaries shows paired ovals, each about 2 to 3 cm in length, akin to the size of an almond. The ovaries are encapsulated structures positioned within the pelvic cavity, supported by the mesovarium and held in place by other ligaments.
During the menstrual cycle, two physiological findings related to the normal ovary can be observed: the development of follicles during the follicular phase, and the formation of the corpus luteum post-ovulation during the luteal phase. These structures are visualized sonographically as changes in the ovarian tissue that represent the maturation of oocytes and hormonal activity necessary for reproduction.
Pathological conditions associated with the ovaries include ovarian cysts and ovarian cancer. Pertinent patient history for ovarian cysts might include menstrual irregularities, pelvic pain, or bloating, while ovarian cancer history may reflect abdominal pain, bloating, weight loss, or changes in bowel habits. Sonographically, ovarian cysts often appear as anechoic or hypoechoic areas within the ovary, while ovarian cancer might demonstrate complex masses with irregular borders and solid components.