Final answer:
In the book of Samuel, the characters and setting influence the protagonist through the transition from a tribal society to a kingdom and leadership changes, which guide his actions.
Step-by-step explanation:
Samuel, living in an era of oppression by the Philistines, observes the transition and is influenced by the need for stronger leadership and the unification of the twelve tribes into a kingdom for defense and stability. Moreover, the interplay between personal actions, such as Saul's inability to rule effectively, and David's successful leadership and military gains against the Philistines, underscores the critical role that characters play in shaping the narrative and influencing other characters within the story.
It is these dynamic interactions with other characters and the broader geopolitical climate that would certainly have a profound influence on Samuel, guiding his actions and his role within the story. This also applies generally in literature, where settings and character interactions crucially impact the protagonist's development, as seen in works by authors like Salman Rushdie, and Martin Amis, and in stories like 'Chickamauga.'