Final answer:
In response to the growth of capitalism in Europe at the beginning of the 20th century, modern socialism and Marxism emerged as alternatives, advocating for shared ownership of the means of production and predicting communist revolutions, which ultimately did not achieve their intended outcomes.
Step-by-step explanation:
One of the responses to the emergence of capitalism in Europe at the beginning of the twentieth century was the development of modern socialism and the embrace of Marxism.
This movement was largely a reaction to the significant disparities in wealth and living conditions brought about by unregulated industrial capitalism, which contrasted the opulence of the owners with the poor conditions for workers.
As the capitalist system grew, thinkers and political philosophers of the time proposed various approaches to address the social issues resultant from this economic shift, which included the idea of a society with shared ownership of production means.
Marxism predicted that as capitalism evolved, it would inevitably lead to communist revolutions, placing the working class in control of the government and economy.
However, the communist revolutions that occurred in various regions around the world, such as Russia, China, and parts of Africa, Asia, and South America, did not achieve the results Marx envisioned, particularly the economic and political equality he anticipated.