Final answer:
The movement to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine is called Zionism. It was started by Theodor Herzl in the 1890s due to the persecution of Jews in Europe. After the Holocaust, the United Nations voted to partition Palestine, leading to the establishment of Israel in 1948.
Step-by-step explanation:
The movement to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine after Jews were persecuted in Europe is called Zionism. It was started by Theodor Herzl, a Jewish Austrian journalist, in the 1890s. Herzl believed that Jews would never be fully accepted in any other country and therefore needed their own homeland. After some debate, Zionists decided to start buying land in Palestine, which was the site of the ancient Hebrew kingdom.
Initially, many Jews, especially more religious ones, rejected Zionism because they believed that Jews were not supposed to return to Israel until the Messiah came. This movement faced opposition from Arab neighbors who saw them as Europeans trying to take over their land.
However, the Nazi Holocaust further reinforced the need for a Jewish homeland. After World War II, the United Nations voted to partition Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states, leading to the establishment of the modern state of Israel in 1948.