Final answer:
The correct answer is security intrusions.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct answer is d. security intrusions. All of the other options listed - psychological attacks, propaganda attacks, and physical destruction - are types of information warfare.
Psychological attacks involve using psychological tactics to manipulate the emotions, beliefs, and behaviors of individuals or groups.
Propaganda attacks involve spreading misleading or false information to influence public opinion. Physical destruction refers to the destruction or disabling of physical infrastructure or systems.
All of the following are types of information warfare except physical destruction. Information warfare primarily focuses on the use and manipulation of information to gain an advantage.
The other options listed - psychological attacks, propaganda attacks, and security intrusions - are all methods employed in modern forms of conflict, where digital and psychological tactics are used to disrupt, deceive, and undermine an adversary without necessarily causing physical damage.
Psychological attacks involve measures taken to affect an opponent’s decision-making process, while propaganda attacks use misinformation to influence the perceptions of an audience, often for political purposes.
Security intrusions, such as hacking, are methods to compromise digital infrastructure to cause disruption or theft of information.
Unlike these, physical destruction entails direct damage to objects or infrastructure, which is more characteristic of traditional warfare rather than information warfare.