Final answer:
An astronaut could jump six times higher on the Moon than on Earth given the same takeoff speed due to the Moon's gravity being 1/6th that of Earth's. Also, a thrown moon rock would hit the Moon's surface at a speed similar to the throw speed without air resistance.
Step-by-step explanation:
On the moon's surface, where gravity is only about 1/6th of Earth's, an astronaut could jump six times higher than on Earth if the takeoff speed is the same in both locations. This is because gravitational acceleration on the Moon is about 1/6 that of Earth's. On Earth, the gravitational acceleration (g) is approximately 9.8 m/s², while on the Moon, it is approximately 1.6 m/s². Since the jump height is inversely proportional to the strength of gravity, the weaker gravity on the Moon allows for a proportionally higher jump.
Considering no atmosphere on the Moon, a moon rock thrown upwards would not be slowed down by air resistance. Without atmospheric drag, the only force acting on the rock is the Moon's gravity, making the falling velocity of the rock similar when it strikes the Moon's surface as it was when it was thrown, minus the change expected from gravitational acceleration.