Final answer:
Gemeinschaft corresponds to informal social structures based on personal relationships, while Gesellschaft corresponds to formal social structures based on indirect and impersonal connections, making the answer to the comparison 'informal is to formal'.
Step-by-step explanation:
The terms Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft are sociological concepts introduced by Ferdinand Tönnies to describe two types of social groups with different characteristics. Gemeinschaft refers to community-like structures where personal social interactions are based on close private and family ties, often with a strong sense of personal connection to the group, such as with friends and family. In contrast, Gesellschaft refers to society-like structures that are characterized by impersonal, formal, and indirect interactions as found in modern industrial societies, where the relationship between individuals is more about roles, rules, and business transactions.
Given this understanding, the answer to the question 'Gemeinschaft is to Gesellschaft as informal is to formal' would be option b) Informal is to formal. This comparison reflects the shift from personal, informal relationships to impersonal, formal associations that occurs when moving from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft.