Final answer:
Disrupting the nucleus of a cell would cause the most significant change in its function, with far-reaching impacts on gene expression and cellular activities. Additionally, the nucleolus' role in ribosome formation is crucial for protein synthesis, and the Golgi apparatus is integral for modifying glycoproteins in congenital disorders of glycosylation.
Step-by-step explanation:
Disruption of the nucleus would cause the most extreme change in the function of a cell, as it contains the cell's genetic material and controls many of its activities. The nucleus is responsible for maintaining the integrity of genes and controlling the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression, making it critical for cell survival. The Golgi apparatus functions in modifying, sorting, and packaging macromolecules for cell secretion or for use within the cell. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER), especially the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, has roles in synthesizing lipids, metabolizing carbohydrates, detoxifying drugs and poisons, and storing calcium ions. Mitochondria are often referred to as the power plants of the cell because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy.
If the nucleolus were not able to carry out its function, the production of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) would cease, which in turn would affect the creation of ribosomes, thus preventing protein synthesis at the ribosomes attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum and free within the cytoplasm.
Within plant cells, lysosomal functions are primarily carried out by vacuoles, which have a variety of functions including storing nutrients and waste products, helping maintain hydrostatic pressure, and containing enzymes that can degrade macromolecules.
The organelle most involved in congenital disorders of glycosylation is the Golgi apparatus, as it is responsible for the proper modification and sorting of glycoproteins.