Final answer:
Molecules form through interactions such as hydrogen bonds, similar to how atoms are held together by ionic or covalent bonds. Covalent bonds involve sharing of electrons, while ionic bonds result from electron transfer. Cohesion describes water molecules' attraction to each other, essential for capillary action, facilitated by adhesion between water and other materials.
Step-by-step explanation:
The analogy molecules : hydrogen bonds can be compared to d. atoms : ionic or covalent bonds because molecules are to hydrogen bonds as atoms are to ionic or covalent bonds in terms of structure formation. Similarly, the comparison cohesion : adhesion is analogous to d. water : capillary action, since cohesion pertains to the attraction among water molecules, and adhesion explains water's ability to rise through capillary action due to its attraction to other materials.
Covalent bonds are characterized by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms, and they are quite strong. In hydrogen gas (H2), the electrons are shared equally, resulting in a non-polar covalent bond. On the other hand, ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, forming charged ions that are held together by electrostatic attraction. However, hydrogen bonds are not as strong as ionic or covalent bonds, but they play an important role in determining the properties of water and the structures of biological molecules like DNA and proteins.
The concept of cohesion refers to the intrinsic attraction among water molecules, contributing to phenomena such as surface tension. Capillary action occurs due to the adhesion of water molecules to the surfaces of narrow tubes or porous materials, allowing the water to climb higher than the surface level. These principles are key in explaining how water can travel against gravity from the roots to the leaves in plants.