Final answer:
Tides are caused primarily by the gravitational force between the Earth and the Moon, with the Moon's proximity to the Earth making its influence on tides more significant than that of the Sun.
Step-by-step explanation:
The phenomena that are caused primarily by the gravitational force between the Earth and the Moon include ocean tides. The Moon's differential force on Earth's crust and ocean water causes the formation of tidal bulges, leading to the twice-daily high and low tides as the Earth rotates through these bulges.
Although the Sun also affects the tides due to its gravitational pull, it is the Moon that has the most significant influence because of its proximity to Earth. This differential force results in water on the side of Earth closest to the Moon being pulled away, and also Earth being pulled away from water on the far side, creating two high tides each day.