Final answer:
If the cannonball's mass increases, velocity decreases and kinetic energy varies based on the kinetic energy's relation to mass and velocity. Energy loss from buildings increases with a greater temperature difference between the inside and outside. Momentum and energy conservation help calculate system velocities and energy dissipation after collisions.
Step-by-step explanation:
If the mass of the cannonball increases while all other conditions remain the same, the velocity of the cannonball would decrease, and the kinetic energy could either increase, decrease, or remain unchanged depending on the proportion of kinetic energy that is derived from mass versus velocity in the specific situation.
An increase in temperature difference between the inside and outside of a building will increase energy loss. A higher R-value for insulation materials would reduce energy loss, not increase it. A decrease in energy flux would result in less energy transfer, thus not increasing energy loss. A decrease in the outside temperature could lead to an increase in energy loss if the inside temperature remains constant, as the temperature gradient has increased.
Using momentum conservation and energy conservation principles, you can calculate outcomes like the final velocity of systems after collisions and recoil velocities of cannons. The energy dissipated in these systems is often seen as heat transfer in shock absorbers or other means. For instance, the vertical component of momentum that is imparted to a cannon when it is fired will influence the system's overall momentum conservation, specifically in the vertical motion and the forces that the cannon structure must absorb.