Final answer:
Enzymes are specific protein catalysts that accelerate reactions in living organisms. They are named based on the substrates they act upon and the type of reaction they catalyze, such as alcohol dehydrogenase, phosphofructokinase, mutase, fumarase, and enolase, catalyzing oxidation, phosphorylation, isomerization, hydration, and dehydration reactions respectively.
Step-by-step explanation:
Enzymes are biological catalysts, typically proteins, that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms. For example, alcohol dehydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of alcohol to an aldehyde. Additionally, phosphofructokinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. Another example is mutase (isomerase), which catalyzes the interconversion between different isomers of a compound, such as the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate. Similarly, fumarase catalyzes the hydration of fumarate to (S)-malate, a stereoselective reaction. Lastly, the enzyme enolase catalyzes a dehydration reaction, where 2-phosphoglycerate loses water to form phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). These examples demonstrate various types of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, each with specific substrates and reaction mechanisms.