Final answer:
Federal income taxes make their way back to individual states through federal grants and programs. Option b.
Step-by-step explanation:
The primary way federal income taxes make their way back to the individual states is through b) federal grants and programs. The federal government distributes funds to states through various programs and grants to support specific areas such as welfare, healthcare, and education.
These funds provide financial assistance to states and help them carry out their responsibilities in these areas.
For example, the federal government provides funding to states through programs like Medicaid, which helps cover healthcare costs for low-income individuals. Another example is the federal Title I program, which provides funds to schools with high numbers of students from low-income families to support education initiatives.
So option b is correct.