Final answer:
A partnership by estoppel is indeed created when actions by an individual or the actual partners lead a third party to reasonably believe that a partnership exists, so the true statement is that such a partnership arises in these circumstances.
Step-by-step explanation:
A partnership by estoppel arises when actions lead a third party to believe a partnership exists. The correct answer to this question is 1) True.
In the context of the law, a partnership by estoppel is a legal doctrine where a person who is not actually a partner in a business is deemed, in the eyes of a third party, to be a partner due to their actions or representations. This can occur when the individual acts in a way that leads others to believe they are a partner or when the actual partners of the business act in such a way that it appears they have accepted the individual as a partner. The effects of a partnership by estoppel can result in liability for the person wrongly perceived as a partner.
The information regarding the Constitution and the necessary and proper clause is not relevant to this question. For clarification, the necessary and proper clause (also known as the Elastic Clause) is part of the Constitution that gives Congress the power to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the enumerated powers. This clause has historically been used to expand, rather than limit, the power of the national government, which means the answer to the irrelevant question differs from the correct one about the partnership by estoppel: it would be False.