Final answer:
The excess load on an airplane's wing depends on the position of the CG, the airplane's speed, and how abruptly the load is applied. Understanding these factors is essential for aircraft stability and involves principles like Bernoulli's equation and fluid dynamics.
Step-by-step explanation:
The amount of excess load that can be imposed on the wing of an airplane depends upon the position of the CG (Center of Gravity), the speed of the airplane, and the abruptness at which the load is applied. These factors are critical for the structural integrity and aerodynamic stability of the aircraft. To illustrate an application of these principles, if we consider the rule of thumb that aircraft wings should produce about 1000 N of lift per square meter of wing area, we can use the Bernoulli's principle to estimate the required airspeed over the wing for generating the necessary lift.
At takeoff, with an airspeed of 60.0 m/s at the bottom of the wing and the sea level density of air given as 1.29 kg/m³, we can apply Bernoulli's equation along with the lift formula to calculate how fast air must move over the upper surface to create the desired lift. It involves applying the principle that faster airflow over the top of the wing creates lower pressure compared to the bottom, thereby generating lift.
Understanding the dynamics of lift generation is crucial not only during takeoff but also at cruising speeds and various altitudes. For instance, at a cruising speed of 245 m/s and at an altitude where air density is one-fourth that at sea level, one would have to calculate the necessary airspeed over the wing to compensate for the reduced air density and maintain sufficient lift.