Final answer:
The carotid artery is the anatomical structure located within the carotid triangle, playing a crucial role in supplying blood to the head and neck by branching off the aorta and further dividing into external and internal branches.
Step-by-step explanation:
The anatomical structure located within the carotid triangle that is referred to is the carotid artery. The common carotid artery is a significant blood vessel that branches off the aorta (or the brachiocephalic artery on the right side) and supplies blood to the head and neck. It subdivides into the external and internal carotid arteries. The internal carotid artery, after forming the carotid sinus to monitor blood pressure via baroreceptors, enters the brain through the carotid canal and foramen lacerum. The external carotid artery remains superficial and gives rise to many other arteries that supply various parts of the head and neck.