Final answer:
Osseous tissue, or bone tissue, is the connective tissue that forms the human skeleton, including compact and spongy bone tissue types. It includes various specialized cells involved in bone formation through processes like ossification. The periosteum covers bone tissue, which consists of a mineralized collagen matrix.
Step-by-step explanation:
The tissue that forms the bone is called osseous tissue or bone tissue. This connective tissue is composed of specialized cells, mineral salts, and collagen fibers. The human skeleton includes various types of bones such as long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. The osseous tissue can be categorized into compact bone tissue, which forms the external layer of all bones, and spongy bone tissue, which forms the inner part of the bones. Compact bone tissue is made up of osteons, whereas spongy bone tissue consists of trabeculae. Four primary cell types are found within bone tissue: osteocytes, osteoclasts, osteoprogenitor cells, and osteoblasts. The process of bone formation, known as ossification, occurs through mechanisms such as intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification which involve the transformation of other tissue types into bone.
Additionally, bones are not merely solid masses; they possess an interior life with bone marrow present in the hollow parts of long bones. The periosteum is the connective tissue that covers bone tissue, both compact and spongy varieties. While compact bone contributes to the hard, dense appearance of bones and accounts for about 80 percent of the adult human skeleton's mass, spongy bone tissue fills many bones entirely or partially.
Differentiation and growth of bone tissue stem from embryonic connective tissue called mesenchyme. This mesenchyme can develop directly into bone tissue through a process known as intramembranous ossification, making up important parts of the skeletal system. Understanding the composition and formation of bone tissue is essential for comprehending the wider fields of anatomy, skeletal biology, and medicine.