Final answer:
The main symptom of GERD is heartburn. Diagnosis may require an upper endoscopy, pH monitoring, or esophageal manometry. GERD happens due to the malfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter and its management includes lifestyle changes, diet adjustment, and possibly medication.
Step-by-step explanation:
Primary Symptom and Diagnosis of GERD
The primary symptom of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is heartburn, which is a burning sensation in the chest that may extend up to the neck and throat. This symptom can be confused with heart issues, but it is primarily related to the digestive system.
Diagnostic Test for GERD
To confirm GERD, a doctor may perform an upper endoscopy to look at the esophagus and determine the cause of reflux and heartburn. Other tests like a pH monitoring test can check acid levels in the esophagus, or an esophageal manometry can test the function and movement of the esophagus.
Malfunction in GERD
GERD occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) malfunctions. The LES is a valve-like muscle that prevents stomach acid from flowing back into the esophagus. When the LES does not close properly or opens too often, it allows acidic stomach contents to move backward into the esophagus, causing the characteristic symptoms of GERD.
Client Education
Client education for managing GERD includes lifestyle changes such as avoiding certain foods and beverages that contribute to the symptoms (e.g., chocolate, fatty foods, peppermint, coffee, and alcoholic beverages). Clients are also advised to decrease portion sizes and avoid eating close to bedtime. Other recommendations include losing weight if overweight and stopping smoking, as both can exacerbate GERD symptoms.