Final answer:
A speculum is required when assisting with a vaginal examination and Papanicolaou (PAP) test; it permits access to the cervix for cell sampling, later analyzed by a cytotechnologist for abnormalities.
Step-by-step explanation:
When assisting a provider with a vaginal examination and Papanicolaou (PAP) test, a medical assistant should identify that an instrument known as a speculum is necessary. The speculum is used to gently hold back the vaginal walls, providing access to the cervix which is required for the PAP test. During the procedure, a small sample of cells from the cervix is collected and then sent to a medical laboratory. There, a cytotechnologist will stain and examine the cells for any abnormalities that could suggest the presence of cervical cancer or a microbial infection.