Final answer:
The Protestant Reformation began in the 16th century with Martin Luther's challenges to the Roman Catholic Church's practices and authority, leading to the spread of Protestantism, particularly in northern Europe, and resulting in significant religious and political changes, including wars of religion.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Protestant Reformation was a significant movement in the 16th century that led to the decline of Roman Catholicism and the rise of Protestantism. It started with Martin Luther, a German monk, who in 1517 protested against the malpractices within the medieval Roman Catholic Church, such as the sale of indulgences.
Luther's theses challenged the church's authority and called for a return to scriptural authority and a simplified faith focused on the individual's relationship with God.
Discontent with the Church's increasing wealth, power, and questionable practices grew among European Catholics, precipitating widespread spiritual transformation and political conflict.
Despite the Catholic Church's efforts to reform from within and curb the spread of Protestant ideologies, such as through the Jesuits and the Counter-Reformation, Protestantism expanded, dominating northern Europe and influencing global religious politics during early globalization.
Wars of religion further ensued between Catholics and Protestants across Europe, deeply affecting the history and sociopolitical landscapes of the time. These divides also played a significant role in shaping the colonization efforts and geopolitical strategies of emerging European powers in the Atlantic World.