Final answer:
Epinephrine and norepinephrine initiate a 'fight-or-flight' response under stress, increasing heart rate and blood pressure, dilating pupils, and increasing the respiratory rate, hence the correct answer to the student's question is 4) All of the above.
Step-by-step explanation:
The effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine on an individual under stress are quite significant. When an individual encounters a stressful situation, the adrenal medulla releases these hormones into the bloodstream, initiating what is commonly referred to as the "fight-or-flight" response. This response includes a variety of physiological changes:
- Increased heart rate and blood pressure to improve blood flow to muscles and vital organs.
- Dilated pupils to allow more light into the eyes and enhance visual acuity.
- Increased respiratory rate to supply more oxygen to the body.
Therefore, the correct answer to the question is 4) All of the above, as each of these responses is a consequence of epinephrine and norepinephrine release.