Final answer:
Expectancy theory is viewed as the most comprehensive motivational theory among the options provided. It includes elements of self-efficacy and the significant role of expectations in determining motivation. Maslow's hierarchy also influences understanding of human motivation but isn't listed among the choices given.
Step-by-step explanation:
Among various theories of motivation, expectancy theory is often seen as the most comprehensive. Expectancy theory posits that individuals are motivated to act based on the expected consequences of their actions and their perception of their ability to perform the actions. This theory encompasses aspects of self-efficacy, understanding how people's beliefs in their capabilities affect their motivation, as well as other concepts such as valence (the value of the rewards), instrumentality (the belief that performance is related to rewards), and expectancy (the belief that effort will lead to performance).
While Maslow's hierarchy of needs is not listed in the choices provided by the student, it is an important foundational motivational theory to understand. Maslow's hierarchy organizes human needs into five levels: physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization. People are motivated to fulfill basic needs before moving on to higher levels of the pyramid.
Other theories like equity theory focus on perceived fairness in workplace exchanges, and goal-setting theory emphasizes the motivational impact of setting and striving toward specific, challenging, and attainable goals. Job Characteristics Model (JCM) theory explores how job design impacts worker satisfaction and productivity. Some theories are not included in the answer choices like the arousal theory of motivation, which explains why someone might seek out exciting experiences such as visiting an amusement park.