Final answer:
The subject in question is C. elegans, a nematode used as a model organism in genetic studies due to its transparency, simple genome, and clearly defined cell lineage. It is easily cultured, has a short life cycle, and provides a unique insight into cellular processes.
Step-by-step explanation:
The characteristics outlined in the question align closely with the nematode known as Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). This organism is indeed a microscopic-sized nematode with a transparent body wall, making it ideal for genetic studies and observations of cellular processes. C. elegans has a roughly defined number of cells, with hermaphrodites consisting of exactly 959 cells excluding gametes. It is also characterized by its short generation time and is easily cultured in a lab environment, feeding on Escherichia coli on agar plates.
Moreover, C. elegans has a simple structured genome, with five pairs of autosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes. It serves as a powerful model organism due to its transparency, defined cell lineage, and short life cycle. Its life cycle includes four juvenile stages (L1 through L4) and an adult stage. Under certain conditions, it can enter a dauer state, which is resistant to adverse conditions. These traits make C. elegans a valuable tool in biological research, particularly in genetics, developmental biology, and neuroscience.