Final answer:
Bryan's intense cravings for heroin upon seeing hypodermic needles exemplify psychological dependence, linked to emotional needs and conditioned responses in addiction. He may benefit from methadone treatment and support from Narcotics Anonymous for recovery.
Step-by-step explanation:
The example of Bryan, an intravenous heroin user, feeling intense cravings when he sees hypodermic needles is an illustration of psychological dependence. This type of dependence is an emotional, rather than a physical, need for a drug, which may be used to relieve psychological distress. The intense cravings that Bryan experiences when exposed to cues associated with heroin use, such as hypodermic needles, highlight a conditioned response that is typical for those with an addiction. In contrast, physical dependence is characterized by the presence of withdrawal symptoms when the drug use is discontinued. In the case of Bryan and other heroin users, treatment options like methadone are often considered, as it helps in reducing cravings and managing withdrawal symptoms without causing addiction itself. Organizations like Narcotics Anonymous can also serve as valuable support networks for those in recovery.