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What are the three categories of spontaneous mutations?

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Final answer:

Spontaneous mutations can be classified into three categories: substitution, deletion, and insertion mutations.

Step-by-step explanation:

Spontaneous mutations occur without any exposure to environmental agents and can be categorized into three main types: substitution, deletion, and insertion mutations.

Substitution mutations involve the replacement of one nucleotide with another. For example, a cytosine (C) can be replaced by a thymine (T) in the DNA sequence.

Deletion mutations lead to the loss of one or more nucleotides from the DNA sequence. This can cause a shift in the reading frame, resulting in a nonfunctional protein.

Insertion mutations occur when one or more additional nucleotides are inserted into the DNA sequence. This can also cause a shift in the reading frame and affect the function of the protein.

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