Final answer:
The cerebellum and the parietal lobe, especially the postcentral gyrus, are responsible for processing proprioceptive sensory input from muscles and joints, essential for body orientation and coordination.
Step-by-step explanation:
The part of the brain that receives sensory input from joints and muscles concerning the position of the body and its parts is known as the sensorium, which includes several regions of the cerebral cortex necessary for sensory perception. Proprioceptive and kinesthetic information from the muscles and joints travels to the brain, and is processed by the cerebellum and the parietal lobe, specifically the postcentral gyrus within the parietal lobe. This area of the brain is crucial for understanding the body's orientation in space and coordinating movement.