Final answer:
In-group bias refers to evaluating others based on group membership, favoring one's own group and potentially leading to prejudice and discrimination against out-groups.
Step-by-step explanation:
When we evaluate other people positively or negatively based on their group membership, we are showing in-group bias or prejudice. This can lead to preferential treatment for individuals who belong to our own social, cultural, or demographic groups, an effect sometimes known as tribal thinking. Conversely, members of out-groups, or those we perceive as different from ourselves, might face discrimination or be unjustly stereotyped. These tendencies are rooted in a psychological need to align with those who share our values and to protect our own self-concept and social identity.
Situations like sports teams and work environments can have distinct in-groups, where members might exclude others to maintain or improve status within the group. Despite the potential benefits that come with being part of an in-group, such as a sense of belonging and mutual support, we must be cautious in recognizing how in-group biases can lead to prejudice and discrimination against those in the out-group.