Question

For each of the following sentences, fill in the blanks with the best word or phrase selected from the list below. Not all words or phrases will be used; each word or phrase should be used only once.

Cells signal to one another in various ways. Some use extracellular signal molecules that are dissolved gases, such as _______A___________, which can diffuse easily into cells. Others use cytokines, which bind to cytokine receptors. Cytokine receptors have no intrinsic enzyme activity but are associated with cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases called _________B_________s, which become activated on the binding of cytokine to its receptor and go on to phosphorylate and activate cytoplasmic transcriptional regulators called _______C___________s. Some intracellular signaling pathways involve chains of protein kinases that phosphorylate each other, as seen in the ______D____________ signaling module. Lipids can also relay signals in the cell, as we observe when phospholipase C cleaves the sugar-phosphate head off a lipid molecule to generate the two small messenger molecules ______E____________ (which remains embedded in the plasma membrane) and ______F____________ (which diffuses into the cytosol).

cyclic
GMP
MAP kinase
STAT
diacylglycerol
NO
TGF-β
IP3
Ras
JAK
SMAD

Answer 1

The correct words/phrases to fill in the blanks in the provided sentences based on cell signaling mechanisms are nitric oxide, JAKs, STATs, MAP kinase, diacylglycerol, and IP3.

Step-by-step explanation:

Cells signal to one another in various ways. Some use extracellular signal molecules that are dissolved gases, such as nitric oxide, which can diffuse easily into cells. Others use cytokines, which bind to cytokine receptors. Cytokine receptors have no intrinsic enzyme activity but are associated with cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases called JAKs, which become activated on the binding of cytokine to its receptor and go on to phosphorylate and activate cytoplasmic transcriptional regulators called STATs. Some intracellular signaling pathways involve chains of protein kinases that phosphorylate each other, as seen in the MAP kinase signaling module. Lipids can also relay signals in the cell, as we observe when phospholipase C cleaves the sugar-phosphate head off a lipid molecule to generate the two small messenger molecules diacylglycerol (which remains embedded in the plasma membrane) and IP3 (which diffuses into the cytosol).