Final answer:
Heat is the energy transferred between objects of different temperatures, while temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles. To find the Celsius temperature corresponding to 70° on a non-standard mercury-in-glass thermometer with a -20°C ice point and 100°C steam point, one must use a linear calibration. The calculated temperature is 50°C.
Step-by-step explanation:
Difference Between Heat and Temperature
The student asked to distinguish between heat and temperature. Heat is a form of energy that is transferred between systems or objects with different temperatures (flowing from the high-temperature system to the low-temperature system). In contrast, temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. While heat deals with energy transfer, temperature is what we measure with a thermometer.
Calculating Celsius Temperature
To calculate the Celsius temperature corresponding to 70° on a mercury-in-glass thermometer where the ice point is at -20°C and the steam point is at 100°C, we must understand that thermometers work on the principle of materials expanding or contracting when heated or cooled. In this case, the ice point is 20 degrees below the standardized 0°C, effectively meaning the scale on this thermometer is not linear according to the standard scale. A calibration must be done considering that there are 120 increments between -20°C and 100°C on this thermometer, making each increment equal to 1°C. Therefore, if 70° on the thermometer indicates 70 increments from the ice point, the actual temperature in Celsius would be -20°C + 70°C = 50°C.