Final Answere:
Lacking an extensive network of former colonies which historically feed much of the current migration into the U.K. and France (and to a lesser degree Spain and Portugal), Germany has recruited workers for decades from: **d) Turkey.**
Step-by-step explanation:
Germany's recruitment of workers from Turkey has historical roots dating back to the 1960s when the country faced a labor shortage. The Turkish government and Germany signed bilateral agreements, such as the 1961 Recruitment Agreement, encouraging Turkish workers to move to Germany as "Gastarbeiter" or guest workers. This initiative aimed to address Germany's labor needs while providing employment opportunities for Turkish citizens. Over the decades, the Turkish community in Germany has grown significantly, contributing to the nation's economic development and cultural diversity.
The recruitment from Turkey became a pivotal aspect of Germany's economic strategy, with Turkish migrants playing essential roles in various industries. This migration pattern has persisted, and today, Germany continues to benefit from the contributions of its Turkish population. The relationship between the two countries has evolved beyond mere economic necessity, fostering social integration and cultural exchange. Germany's reliance on Turkish workers exemplifies a successful model of migration management that has influenced the demographic landscape and contributed to the nation's prosperity.