Final answer:
Neocolonialism is the ongoing control of newly independent states by Western countries through economic, financial, and cultural pressures, often led by multinational corporations from core nations that exploit peripheral nations. So, the correct answer is option d.
Step-by-step explanation:
The term for ongoing control of newly independent states by Western countries is neocolonialism. Neocolonialism refers to the indirect control or influence that powerful countries, often those that were former colonial powers, exert over less developed countries.
This is done not through direct political control, as in colonial times, but rather through economic, financial, and cultural pressures. Multinational corporations based in these core nations play a significant role in maintaining economic dominance over peripheral nations, by integrating them into global networks that are based on dependency, thereby continuing to exploit these regions for cheap labor and natural resources even after the formal end of colonialism.
These dynamics can also be observed in free trade agreements that tend to benefit more developed nations.