Final answer:
The book explicitly outlines concerns that transnational firms evade environmental protection laws a) by shifting production to countries with looser pollution standards, troubling local ecosystems.
Step-by-step explanation:
The student's question pertains to the ways in which transnational firms disrupt local ecosystems. From the various passages, it is evident that the book explicitly talks about the concern that multinational firms may evade environmental protection laws a) by relocating production to countries with weaker pollution standards.
This practice can result in significant environmental degradation due to industrial pollution and the dumping of hazardous waste, which are serious threats to the health of local communities, especially in non-Western countries.