Final answer:
Adult stem cells responsible for the generation of all blood cells are known as hematopoietic stem cells, found in the bone marrow. These cells can differentiate into various blood components, and in cases of bone marrow damage, the liver and spleen can compensate through extramedullary hemopoiesis.
Step-by-step explanation:
Adult stem cells can be found in bone marrow, from which all different blood cells arise. These are specifically known as hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which have the unique capability to continuously divide and regenerate new stem cells as well as to differentiate into various types of blood cells. Within the bone marrow, these stem cells can be categorized based on function, such as phagocytic cells that destroy pathogens, lymphocytes which are integral to adaptive immunity, and myeloid cells, which give rise to erythrocytes, megakaryocytes for platelets, and leukocytes like neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. In cases where the bone marrow is damaged, the liver and spleen can perform extramedullary hemopoiesis to continue the production of these vital blood components.