Final answer:
The kidney, marked as letter A in the diagram, filters urea and other cellular wastes from the bloodstream. It's a key part of the urinary system, which also includes the ureters, bladder, and urethra.
Step-by-step explanation:
The structure responsible for filtering urea and other cellular wastes out of the bloodstream in the human urinary system is the kidney, which is indicated by letter A in the diagram. The kidneys are essential components of the urinary system, which also includes the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The ureters transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder stores the urine until it can be excreted through the urethra. However, it's the kidneys that perform the crucial task of filtering blood, producing an enzyme called renin, and various hormones critical for homeostasis, including the regulation of blood pressure, the production of red blood cells, and the balance of calcium and phosphorus.