Final answer:
Students are generally identified for secondary-tier intervention through a process called tracking, which classifies them into specific programs based on academic assessment. However, this system can perpetuate inequalities and faces criticism for how it advantages those with more resources.
Step-by-step explanation:
Students are typically identified for secondary-tier intervention through a process known as tracking. This is a formalized sorting system which uses various methods, such as test scores, previous grades, or perceived ability, to assign students to specific education programs and classes. According to functionalist theory, schools play a role in classifying students based on academic merit or potential. High achievers are often identified early through testing and classroom achievements and placed on advanced tracks, while lower achievers are placed on separate tracks.
However, this system has been criticized by conflict theorists for perpetuating inequalities, as it often benefits those from more affluent backgrounds who have access to resources like tutors and test-prep services. Additionally, proposals to alter the incentives that schools face, including frequent testing and school choice, aim to provide more equality of opportunity in education.