Final answer:
Mutation in aminoacyl tRNA synthetase leads to missense mutation during translation, causing the incorrect incorporation of amino acids into proteins, potentially leading to severe functional consequences.
Step-by-step explanation:
When an aminoacyl tRNA synthetase is mutated such that it attaches glycine instead of valine to tRNA(valine), a missense mutation occurs during translation. This happens because tRNA molecules are charged with the incorrect amino acid, leading to the incorporation of the wrong amino acid into the polypeptide chain. The sequences on the mRNA that should be translated into valine are instead translated into glycine, potentially altering the protein's structure and function. An example of the consequences of such a missense mutation is sickle-cell disease, where a single base substitution results in the erroneous insertion of valine instead of glutamic acid, drastically affecting the protein's property and leading to disease.