Final answer:
The option that does not provide evidence for evolution is D. The immutability of species. This option contradicts evolutionary theory, while other options such as human hemoglobin, Archaeopteryx, and the rubber boa all provide supportive evidence for evolution.
Step-by-step explanation:
The option that does NOT provide evidence for evolution among the choices is D. The immutability of species. The immutability of species is an outdated concept that suggests species do not change over time, which contradicts the fundamental principles of evolutionary theory. In contrast, options A, B, and C provide evidence supporting evolution.
- The human hemoglobin family (Option A) exhibits variations in structure and function through evolutionary time, showing how proteins can evolve in a family.
- Discovery of Archaeopteryx (Option B) supports the evolutionary link between reptiles and birds, as the fossil shows traits of both groups.
- The spurs of the rubber boa (Option C) could be considered vestigial structures, which are remnants of structures that served a function in the ancestors of species.
Options A, B, and C align with found evidence in the fossil record and shared DNA sequences that support the theory of evolution, while Theory of Plate Tectonics (Option E) relates more to geological shifts rather than biological evolution.