Final answer:
Customer value is the remainder after supply chain cost is subtracted from supply chain surplus, involving both consumer surplus and producer surplus, collectively contributing to the social surplus.
Step-by-step explanation:
Customer value, in the context of supply chain management, refers to the value that the end customer receives from a product or service. To answer the question, option B, which states that customer value is the remainder after supply chain cost is subtracted from supply chain surplus, is correct. Within the supply chain framework, this may involve considering both the consumer surplus and the producer surplus. The consumer surplus is the extra benefit that consumers receive from buying a good or service, measurable by what the individuals would have been willing to pay minus the amount that they actually paid. The producer surplus is the additional benefit that producers receive when they sell a product at a price higher than the lowest price they would have been willing to accept. The sum of consumer and producer surplus is known as the social surplus, which is generally maximized at market equilibrium. Any deviation from this equilibrium might result in a deadweight loss, indicating a loss in total surplus and hence a reduction in overall efficiency of the market.