Final answer:
Intangible assets are presented by reporting R&D costs as an expense in the income statement.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct answer is (a) Includes reporting R&D costs as an expense in the income statement.
When it comes to the presentation of intangible assets in the financial statements, reporting research and development (R&D) costs as an expense in the income statement is one way to handle it. This is because the costs incurred in R&D activities cannot be capitalized as an intangible asset since they do not meet the criteria for recognition as an intangible asset. Instead, these costs are expensed in the period they are incurred.