Final answer:
In a data collection activity, it is important to avoid collecting redundant data, as it is unnecessary and complicates analysis. Relevant, efficient, and accurate data is vital for a credible study, with biases to be avoided for reliable outcomes. The correct answer is c. data that is redundant.
Step-by-step explanation:
When designing a data collection activity, the type of data that should be avoided is c. data that is redundant. Redundant data is repetitive and does not add new information to the study, consuming resources unnecessarily and potentially complicating the analysis process. For example, if a researcher collects the same information from the same subjects multiple times without a purposeful reason for the repetition, this data could be considered redundant. In contrast, data that is relevant, efficient, and accurate is essential for a reliable and valid study.
Addressing possible biases by ensuring the collection of relevant data is crucial, as intentionally omitting such data would create a bias in the study, making it less representative and potentially invalidating the results. Using secondary data is an example of an unobtrusive method, which is noted as a. nonreactive, meaning it does not influence or disrupt the subjects or the environment in which they operate. so, the correct answer is c. data that is redundant.