Final answer:
Neurogenesis, the generation of new neurons, occurs in the adult brain, particularly in the hippocampus. This process is influenced by factors like exercise and stress, and has implications for treating neurodegenerative diseases. Glial cells are also abundant in the brain, providing essential support to neurons.
Step-by-step explanation:
The adult brain has specific areas where neurogenesis occurs, generating new neurons and glial cells. Once believed to be impossible, recent research shows that the adult brain can form new neurons from undifferentiated neural stem cells, a process known as neurogenesis. Specifically, the hippocampus, crucial for learning and memory, generates about 1,000 new neurons each day, although many of these neurons do not survive. However, the survival rate of these neurons can correlate with learning efficiency. Factors such as exercise and some antidepressants can promote neurogenesis in the hippocampus, while stress can inhibit it. Understanding neurogenesis is key for developing future treatments for neurological conditions like Alzheimer's disease, stroke, and epilepsy.
Apart from neurons, the adult brain also contains a substantial number of glial cells which outnumber neurons. These glial cells play critical roles including guiding neuron development, buffering harmful substances, and providing myelin sheaths for axons. Both glial cells and neurogenesis are crucial for maintaining brain health and function.