Final answer:
The resting membrane potential is established when there is a large concentration gradient for sodium ions to enter the cell and an accumulation of negative charges left behind in the cell. It is maintained by the selective permeability of the cell membrane to potassium and sodium ions. The resting membrane potential plays a crucial role in the functioning of neurons and muscle cells.
Step-by-step explanation:
The resting membrane potential refers to the difference in voltage measured across a cell membrane under steady-state conditions. This potential is typically around -70 mV. It is established when there is a large concentration gradient for sodium ions (Na+) to enter the cell and an accumulation of negative charges left behind in the cell.
The resting membrane potential is maintained by the selective permeability of the cell membrane to potassium ions (K+) and sodium ions (Na+). The cell possesses more potassium leakage channels than sodium leakage channels, allowing potassium to diffuse out of the cell at a faster rate than sodium leaks in. This causes the interior of the cell to be negatively charged relative to the outside.
The resting membrane potential plays a crucial role in the functioning of neurons and muscle cells, allowing them to respond to chemical and electrical signals. Disturbance of the resting potential, such as membrane depolarization, results from a flow of ions across the membrane.